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Dr. David Walls-Kaufman

Author, The Genius Machine

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Reference Library D

CHIROPRACTIC EFFECTIVENESS, SAFETY, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, AND PUBLIC POLICY RESOURCE LIBRARY

Primary Repository:

Chiro.org. Cost-Effectiveness and Outcomes Research Library.
https://chiro.org/Cost_Effectiveness/

The following resource serves as a curated repository of scientific papers, government reports, workers’ compensation analyses, insurance studies, economic evaluations, and policy documents relating to chiropractic effectiveness, safety, utilization, disability outcomes, and cost-effectiveness.

This repository contains approximately 140 studies, reports, reviews, policy analyses, workers’ compensation investigations, and government publications addressing:

• Cost-effectiveness of chiropractic care


• Workers’ compensation outcomes


• Disability and return-to-work outcomes


• Health care utilization comparisons


• Medical versus chiropractic management costs


• Safety analyses


• Managed-care outcomes


• Government and insurance industry evaluations


• Low back pain and neck pain outcomes


• Public health implications of musculoskeletal disorders

How Chiropractic Works:

  1. Haavik H, Murphy B., The role of spinal manipulation in addressing disordered sensorimotor integration and altered motor control.] Electromyogr Kines. October 2012 2012;22(5):768- 776.
  2. Henderson CN. The basis for spinal manipulation: Chiropractic perspective of indications and theory. J Electromyography Kinesiology. Apr 16 2012;22(5):632-642.
  3. Cooke SF, Bliss TV. Plasticity in the human central nervous system. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 7):1659-1673.
  4. Owens E. Chiropractic subluxation assessment: What the research tells us. J Can Chiro Assoc. 2002;46(4):215-220.
  5. Leach RA. The chiropractic theories: a textbook of scientific research. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004.
  6. Cramer GD, Ross K, Raju PK, et al. Quantification of cavitation and gapping of lumbar zygapophyseal joints during spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Oct 2012;35(8):614-621.
  7. Van Vliet PM, Heneghan NR. Motor control and the management of musculoskeletal dysfunction. Manual Therapy. Conference proceedings from the 2nd International Conference on Movement Dysfunction. Pain and Performance: Evidence and Effect. 2006/82006;11(3):208-213.
  8. Pickar JG, Wheeler JD. Response of muscle proprioceptors to spinal manipulative-like loads in the anesthetized cat. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001/1/2001;24(1):2-11.
  9. Uthaikhup S, Jull G, Sungkarat S, Treleaven J. The influence of neck pain on sensori- motor function in the elderly. Archives Gerontology Geriatric. Nov-Dec 2012;55(3):667-672.
  10. Haavik H, Murphy B. Subclinical neck pain and the effects of cervical manipulation on elbow joint position sense. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2011;34:88-97.
  11. Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans RL, Bouter LM. Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine Journal. May-Jun 2004;4(3):335-356.
  12. Haavik H, The Reality Check, Kindle Direct Publishing 2019, pg 63, normal spinal motion feeds deep info to CNS – Do Not Have to Have Pain, Adaptation, Plasticity and Brain Changes – Brain Continuously Reorganizes Good or Bad with More Input from Body, esp Spine – Stuck Joint Forces Brain to work blind and fill in gaps probably inefficiently – Stuck leaves dark spaces in information – activity and normalcy are “eyes” re “tone” Haavik and Palmer.
  13. Fratello F, Veniero D, Curcio G, et al. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation: Reproducibility of effects and intraindividual reliability. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2006;117(12):2667-2674.
  14. Tye F, Boyadjian A, Devanne H. Motor cortex plasticity induced by extensive training revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in human. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;21(1):259-266.
  15. Sessle BJ, Yao D, Nishiura H, et al. Properties and plasticity of the primate somatosensory and motor cortex related to orofacial sensorimotor function. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2005;32(1-2): 109-114.
  16. Kaelin-Lang A, Sawaki L, Cohen LG. Role of Voluntary Drive in Encoding an Elementary Motor Memory. J Neurophysiol. February 1, 2005 2005;93(2):1099-1103.
  17. Weiss T, Miltner NIMH, Liepert J, Meissner W, Taub E. Rapid functional plasticity in the primary somatomotor cortex and perceptual changes after nerve block. European Journal of Neuroscience. Dec 2004;20(12):3413-3423.
  18. Tinazzi M, Valeriani M, Moretto G, et al. Plastic interactions between hand and face cortical representations in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a somatosensory-evoked potentials study. Neuroscience. 2004; 127(3):769-776.
  19. Sanes JN, Donoghue JP. Plasticity and Primary Motor Cortex. Annual reviews Neuroscience. 2000;Vol.23:pgs 393-415.
  20. Liepert J, Bauder H, Wolfgang HR, Miltner WH, Taub E, Weiller C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke. Jun 2000;31(6):1210-1216.

Reliability Studies:

  1. Degenhardt BF, Snider KT, Snider EJ, Johnson JC. lnterobserver reliability of osteopathic palpatory diagnostic tests of the lumbar spine: improvements from consensus training. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105(10):465-473.
  2. Schneider M, Erhard R,Brach J, Tellin W, lmbarlina F, Delitto A. Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexaminer reliability study. J Manipulative Physiol Therapeutics, July-Aug 2008;31(6):465-473.
  3. Cooperstein R, Young M, Haneline M. lnterexaminer reliability of cervical motion palpation using continuous measures and rater confidence levels. J Can Chiropr Assoc. Jun 2013;57(2):156-164.
  4. Cooperstein R, Haneline M, Young M. lnterexaminer reliability of thoracic motion palpation using confidence ratings and continuous analysis. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 9// 2010;9(3):99-106.

Brain NS Plasticity from MS and Movement

  1. Yahagi S, Takeda Y, Ni Z, et al. Modulations of input-output properties of corticospinal tract neurons by repetitive dynamic index finger abductions. Exp Brain Res. 2005/02//2005;161(2):255-264.
  2. Renner Cl, Schubert M, Hummelsheim H. Selective effect of repetitive hand movements on intracortical excitability. Muscle & Nerve. Mar 2005;31(3):314-320.
  3. Schubert M, Kretzschmar E, Waldmann G, Hummelsheim H. Influence of repetitive hand movements on intracortical inhibition. Muscle & Nerve. Jun 2004;29(6):804-811.
  4. Byl NN, Merzenich MM, Cheung S, Bedenbaugh P, Nagarajan SS, Jenkins WM. A primate model for studying focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: effects on the primary somatosensory cortex. Physical Therapy. 1997;77(3):269-284.
  5. Byl NN , Melnick M. Ihe neural consequences of repetition: clinical implications of a learning hypothesis. Journal of Hand Therapy. Apr-Jun. 1997;10(2):160-174.
  6. Nudo R, Milliken G, Jenkins W, Merzenich M. Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J. Neuroscience. January 15, 1996;Vol.16(2):pgs 785-807.
  7. Pascual-Leone A, Torres F. Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain. 1993;116(Pt 1):39-52.
  8. Tinazzi M, Rosso T, Zanette G, Fiaschi A, Aglioti SM. Rapid modulation of cortical proprioceptive activity induced by transient cutaneous deafferentation: neurophysiological evidence of short-term plasticity across different somatosensory modalities in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;18(11):3053-3060.
  9. Murphy BA, Haavik Taylor H, Wilson SA, Knight JA, Mathers KM, Schug S. Changes in median nerve somatosensory transmission and motor output following transient deafferentation of the radial nerve in humans. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003;114(8):1477-1488.
  10. Murphy B, Dawson N. “Ihe effects of repetitive contractions and ischemia on the ability to discriminate intramuscular sensation. Somatosensory & Motor Research. 2002;19(3):191197.
  11. Hallett M, Chen R, Ziemann U, Cohen LG. Reorganization in motor cortex in amputees and in normal volunteers after ischemic limb deafferentation. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology – Supplement. 1999;51:183-187.
  12. Tinazzi M, Zanette G, Polo A, et al. Transient deafferentation in humans induces rapid modulation ofprimary sensory cortex not associated with subcortical changes: a somatosensory evoked potential study. Neurosci Lett. 1997;223(1):21-24.
  13. Brasil-Neto JP, Valls-Sole J, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Rapid modulation of human cortical motor outputs following ischaemic nerve block. Brain. 1993;116(Pt3):pg511-525.
  14. Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Pascua1-Leone A, Jabir FK, Wall RT, Hallett M. Rapid reversible modulation of human motor outputs after transient deafferentation of the forearm: a study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1992;42(7):1302-1306.

Brain Stem/Spinal Cord Injury Learning

  1. Cohen LG, Ziemann U, Chen R. Mechanisms, functional relevance and modulation of plasticity in the human central nervous system. In: Paulus W, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Rothwell JC, eds. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. USA: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1999:174182.
  2. Harris-Love ML, Cohen LG. Noninvasive cortical stimulation in Neurorehabilitation: A Review. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2006;87 (12 supplement 2):S84-93.
  3. Tinazzi M, Zanette G, Volpato D, et al. Neurophysiological evidence of neuroplasticity at multiple levels of the somatosensory system in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Brain. 1998;Vol.121(Pt9):pgs1785-1794.
  4. Ziemann U, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;18(17):7000-7007.
  5. Chen R, Corwell B, Yaseen Z, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Mechanisms of cortical reorganization in lower-limb amputees. Journal of Neuroscience. May 1 1998;18(9):3443-3450.
  6. Florence SL, Kaas JH. Large-Scale Reorganization at Multiple Levels of the Somatosensory Pathway Follows Therapeutic Amputation of the Hand in Monkeys. The Journal of Neuroscience.1995;12(12):8083-8095.
  7. Halligan PW, Marshall JC, Wade DT. Sensory disorganization and perceptual plasticity after limb amputation: a follow-up study. Neuroreport. 1994;5:1341-1345.
  8. Costa RM, Cohen D, Nicolelis MA. Differential corticostriatal plasticity during fast and slow motor skill learning in mice. Current Biology.2004;14(13):1124-1134.
  9. Floel A, Breitenstein C, Hummel F, et al. Dopaminergic influences on formation of a motor memory. Ann Neurol. Jul 2005;58(1):121-13.
  10. Dostrovsky JO, Millar J, Wall PD. Ihe Immediate Shift of Afferent Drive of Dorsal Column Nucleus Cells following Deafferentation: A Comparison of Acute and Chronic Deafferentation in Gracile Nucleus and Spinal Cord. Experimental neurology. 1976;52:480495.
  11. Florence SL, Wall JT, Kaas JH. Somatotopic Organization of Inputs from the Hand to the Spinal Gray and Cuneate Nucleus of Monkeys With Observations on the Cuneate Nucleus of Humans. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1989;286:48-70.

Pain and Injury Greatly/Rapidly Alters Brain - esp 49 Wall JT

  1. Pettit MJ, Schwark HD. Receptive field reorganization in dorsal column nuclei during temporary denervation. Science. 1993;262:2054-2056.
  2. Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 1999;22(3):149-153.
  3. Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. Conservative lower back treatment reduces inhibition in knee-extensor muscles: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2000;23(2):76-80.
  4. Suter E, McMorland G. Decrease in elbow flexor inhibition after cervical spine manipulation in patients with chronic neck pain. Clinical Biomechanics. 2002;17(7):541-544.
  5. Hodges PW, Moseley GL, Gabrielsson A, Gandevia SC. Experimental muscle pain changes feedforward postural responses of the trunk muscles. Experimental Brain Research. 2003;151(2):262-271.
  6. Wall JT, Xu J, Wang X. Human brain plasticity: an emerging view of the multiple substrates and mechanisms that cause cortical changes and related sensory dysfunctions after injuries of sensory inputs from the body. Brain Research Reviews. 2002/9 2002;39(2-3):181-215.
  7. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Ineffcient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine. 1996;21(22):2640-2650.
  8. Van Vliet PM, Heneghan NR. Motor control and the management of musculoskeletal dysfunction. Manual Therapy. Conference proceedings from the 2nd International Conference on Movement Dysfunction. Pain and Performance: Evidence and Effect. 2006/82006;11(3):208-213.
  9. Falla D. Unravelling the complexity of muscle impairment in chronic neck pain. Manual Therapy. Aug 2004;9(3):125-133.
  10. Hodges P, Richardson C. Altered trunk muscle recruitment in people with low back pain with upper limb movement at different speeds. Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation. 1999;80:1005-1012.
  11. Radebold A, Cholewicki J, Polzhofer GK, Greene HS. Impaired postural control of the lumbar spine is associated with delayed muscle response times in patients with chronic idiopathic low back pain. Spine. 2001;26(7):724-730.
  12. van Dieen JH, Selen LP, Cholewicki J. Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. 2003;13(4):333-351.

Chiropractors See Patients Too Much:

Haavik H, The Reality Check, Kindle Direct Publishing 2019, pg 67, used to believe chiropractors see patients too much, not now.

Maladaption—Problems Stubborn affecting Whole Body, Case For Chiropractic: Re-alignment Helps Brain Reorganize at Higher Level (1, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 84) this whole section

  1. Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation and enhancement. J Spinal Disord. 1992;5(4):383-389.
  2. Jull G, Richardson C. Motor control problems in patients with spinal pain: a new direction for therapeutic exercise. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000;23(2):115117.
  3. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kena rdy J, Darnell R. Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003;103(1-2):65-73.
  4. Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Exercise and Manipulative Therapy for Cervicogenic Headache. Spine September 2002;27(17): 1835-1843.
  5. Brumagne S, Cordo P, Lysens R, Verschueren S, Swinnen S. role of paraspinal muscle spindles in lumbosacral position sense in individuals with and without low back pain. Spine. 2000;25(8):989-994.
  6. Michaelson P, Michaelson M, Jaric S, Latash ML, Sjolander P, Djupsjobacka M. Vertical Posture and Head Stability in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003; Vol.35(5):pgs229-235.
  7. Cowan SM, Bennell KL, Hodges PW, Crossley KM, McConnell J. Simultaneous feedforward recruitment of the vasti in untrained postural tasks can be restored by physical therapy. J orthop Res.2003;21(3):553-558.
  8. Haavik H, Murphy B.The role of spinal manipulation in addressing disordered sensorimotor integration and altered motor control.] Electromyogr Kines. October 2012 2012;22(5):768- 776.
  9. Haavik Taylor H, Holt K, Murphy B. Exploring the neuromodulatory effects of the vertebral subluxation and chiropractic care. Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 2010;40(1):pgs.37-44.
  10. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Cervical spine manipulation alters sensorimotor integration: A somatosensory evoked potential study. Clinical Neurophysiol. 2007;118(2):391-402.
  11. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Altered Central Integration of Dual Somatosensory Input Following Cervical Spine Manipulation. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2010;33 (3):178-188.
  12. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. effects of spinal manipulation on central integration of dual somatosensory input observed following motor training: A crossover study. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Tierapeutics. 2010;33 (4):261-272.
  13. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Transient modulation of intracortical inhibition following spinal manipulation. Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 2007;37:106-116.
  14. Haavik H, Taylor H, Murphy B. Altered sensorimotor integration with cervical spine manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2008;31(2):115-126.
  15. Niazi I, Türker K, Flavel S, Kingett M, Duehr J, Haavik H. Increased cortical drive and altered net excitability of low-threshold motor unit levels to the lower limb following spinal manipulation. Paper presented at: World Federation of Chiropractic’s 12th Biennial Congress; April 6-9, 2013; Durban, South Africa.
  16. Haavik H, Murphy B. Subclinical neck pain and the effects of cervical manipulation on elbow joint position sense. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2011;34:88-97.
  17. Herzog W, Scheele D, Conway PJ. Electromyographic responses of back and limb muscles associated with spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1999;24(2):146-153.
  18. Murphy B, Dawson N, Slack J. Sacroiliac joint manipulation decreases the H-reflex. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;35:87-94.
  19. Marshall P, Murphy B. Effect of Sacroiliac Joint Manipulation on Feed-Forward Activation Times of the Deep Abdominal Musculature Journal of Manipulative and Physiological %erapeutics 2006;29(3 ):196-202.

Upper Cervical - Especially the Neck is the “Eyes” of Brain

  1. Boyd-Clark LC, Briggs CA, Galea MP. Muscle Spindle Distribution, Morphology, and Density in Longus Colli and Multifidus Muscles of the Cervical Spine. SPINE.
  2. Kulkarni V, Chandy MJ, Babu KS. (Quantitative study of muscle spindles in suboccipital muscles of human foetuses. Neurol India. Vol 49; 2001:355-359.
  3. Cooper S, Daniel P. Muscle spindles in man; their morphology in the lumbricals and the deep muscles of the neck Brain. 1963;86:563-594.
  4. Amonoo-Kuofi HS, The density of muscle spindles in the medial, intermediate and lateral columns of human intrinsic postvertebral muscles. J Anat. 1983;136(3):509-519.

Spinal Adjustments Feed to Brain

  1. Pickar JG, Bolton PS. Spinal manipulative therapy and somatosensory activation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. Feb 19 2012;22(5):785-794.
  2. Herzog W. Mechanical, Physiologic, and Neuromuscular Considerations of Chiropractic treatment. In: Lawrence DJ, Cassidy JD, McGregor M, Meeker WC, Vernon HT, eds. Advances in Chiropractic. Vol 3. New York: Mosby-Year Book; 1996:269-285.
  3. Pickar JG, Wheeler JD. Response of muscle proprioceptors to spinal manipulative-like loads in the anesthetized cat. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Tierapeutics. 2001/1/2001;24(1):2-11.
  4. Herzog W, Scheele D, Conway PJ. Electromyographic responses of back and limb muscles associated with spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1999;24(2):146-153.

Animal Models Confirm - Even Tiny Misalignment Greatly Changes Brain

  1. Bolton PS, Holland CT. Afferent signaling of vertebral displacement in the neck of the cat. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1996;22:1802.
  2. Bolton PS, Holland CT. An in vivo method for studying afferent fibre activity from cervical paravertebral tissue during vertebral motion in anaesthetised cats. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 1998;85(2):211-218.

Aging Worse

  1. Hugenschmidt CE, Mozolic JL, Laurienti PJ. Suppression of multisensory integration by modality-specific attention in aging. Neuroreport. Mar 4 2009;20(4):349-353.
  2. Mozolic JL, Hugenschmidt CE, Peiffer AM, Laurienti PJ. Multisensory Integration and Aging; Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes. Boca Raton FL: LIC.; 2012.
  3. Poliakoff E, Shore D, Lowe C, Spence C. Visuotactile temporal order judgments in aging. Neurosci Letters.2006;Vol.396:207-211.

Spine Dysfunction Disrupts Brain’s Ability to See the Whole Body and Manage

  1. Uthaikhup S, Jull G, Sungkarat S, Treleaven J. The influence of neck pain on sensori- motor function in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. Nov-Dec 2012;55(3):667-672.
  2. Haavik H, Murphy B. Subclinical neck pain and the effects of cervical manipulation on elbow joint position sense. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2011;34:88-97.
  3. Carrick FR. Changes in brain function after manipulation of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Oct 1997;20(8):529-545.
  4. Holt K. Effectiveness of Chiropractic Care in Improving Sensorimotor Function Associated with Falls Risk in Older People. Auckland, New Zealand: Department of Population Health, University of Auckland; 2013.
  5. Vila-Chä C, Falla D, Correia MV, Farina D. Changes in H reflex and V wave following short-term endurance and strength training. Journal of Applied Physiology. January 1, 2012. 2012;112(1);54-63.
  6. Wall JT, Xu J, Wang X. Human brain plasticity: an emerging view of the multiple substrates and mechanisms that cause cortical changes and related sensory dysfunctions after injuries of sensory inputs from the body. Brain Research Reviews. 2002/9 2002;39(2-3):181-215.

Significant Brain Changes w/ Musculoskeletal Problems - esp Wall JT, and Cholewicki shows stressed brain much more susceptible to mistakes/problems

  1. Wall JT, Xu J, Wang X. Human brain plasticity: an emerging view of the multiple substrates and mechanisms that cause cortical changes and related sensory dysfunctions after injuries of sensory inputs from the body. Brain Research Reviews. 2002/9 2002;39(2-3):181-215.
  2. Van Vliet PM, Heneghan NR. Motor control and the management of musculoskeletal dysfunction. Manual Therapy. Conference proceedings from the 2nd International Conference on Movement Dysfunction. Pain and Performance: Evidence and Effect. 2006/82006;11(3):208-213.
  3. Falla D. Unravelling the complexity of muscle impairment in chronic neck pain. Manual Therapy. Aug 2004;9(3):125-133.
  4. Cholewicki J, Silfies S, Shah R, et al. Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2005;30(23):2614-2620.

Chiropractic Helps Unusual Conditions - Improves Spinal Function, Postural Control - Reduces Inefficiency and Injuries - Health, Posture, Stability, Spinal Cord Issues tied to Whiplash/Spinal Trauma alignment - Neck dysfunction blocks brain from seeing

  1. Akie I, Takeshi O, Glucose Metabolic Changes in the Brain and Muscles of Patients with Nonspecific Neck Pain Treated by Spinal Manipulation Therapy: A [18F]FDG PET Study, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017; Jan 2017: 4345703.
  2. Wingfield BR, Gorman RF. Treatment of severe glaucomatous visual field deficit by chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy: a prospective case study and discussion. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(6):428-434.
  3. Kelly DD, Murphy BA, Backhouse DP. Use of a mental rotation reaction-time para- digm to measure the effects of upper cervical adjustments on cortical processing: a pilot study. Journal of Manipulative&Physiological Therapeutics.2000;23(4):246-251.
  4. Murphy B, Dawson N, Slack J. Sacroiliac joint manipulation decreases the H-reflex. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;35:87-94.
  5. Enebo BA. The effect of cervical spine manipulation on motor control in healthy individuals: A pilot study. Chiropr J Aust. 2003;33(3):93-97.
  6. Marshall P, Murphy B. Effect of Sacroiliac Joint Manipulation on Feed-Forward Activation Times of the Deep Abdominal Musculature Journal of Manipulative and Physiological %erapeutics 2006;29(3 ):196-202.
  7. Hillermann B, Gomes AN, Korporaal C, Jackson D. A pilot study comparing the effects of spinal manipulative therapy with those of extra-spinal manipulative therapy on quadriceps muscle strength. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Feb 2006;29(2):145-149.
  8. Martinez-Segura R, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Ruiz-Saez M, Lopez-Jimenez C, Rodriguez-Blanco C. Immediate effects on neck pain and active range of motion after a single cervical high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation in subjects presenting with mechanical neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Sep 2006;29(7):511-517.
  9. Nansel D, Jansen R, Cremata E, Dhami MS, Holley D. Effects of cervical adjustments on lateral-flexion passive end-range asymmetry and on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamine levels. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(8):450-456.
  10. Nansel DD, Peneff A, Quitoriano J. Effectiveness of upper versus lower cervical adjustments with respect to the amelioration of passive rotational versus lateral-flexion end-range asymmetries in otherwise asymptomatic subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. February 2002;15(2):pgs99-105.
  11. Schiller L. Effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy in the treatment of mechanical thoracic spine pain: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. July-August 2001;24(6);394-401.
  12. Wood TG, Colloca CJ, Matthews R. A pilot randomized clinical trial on the relative effect of instrumental (MFMA) versus manual (HVLA) manipulation in the treatment of cervical spine dysfunction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. May 2001;24(4):260-271.
  13. Yeomans SG. assessment of cervical intersegmental mobility before and after spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Feb 1992;15(2):106-114.
  14. Boucher P, Descarreaux M, Normand MC. Postural control in people with osteoarthritis of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Iher. Mar 2008;31(3):184-190.
  15. Branstrom H, Malmgren-Olsson EB, Barnekow-Bergkvist M. Balance performance in patients with Whiplash Associated Disorders and Patients with prolonged Musculoskeletal Disorders. Advances in Physiotherapy. 2001;3:120-127.
  16. Karlberg M, Persson L, Magnusson M. Reduced postural control in patients with chronic cervicobrachial pain syndrome. Gait and Posture. 1995;3:241-249.
  17. Okuda T, Ochi M, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K,Adachi N, Kobayashi R. Knee joint position sense in compressive myelopathy. Spine. 2006;31(4):459-462.
  18. Persson L, Karlberg M, Magnusson M. Effects ofdifferent treatments on postural performance in patients with cervical root compression: A randomized prospective study assessing the importance of the neck in postural control. Journal ofVestibular Research. 1996;6(6):439-453.
  19. Rubin AM, Woolley SM, Dailey VM, Goebel JA. Postural stability following mild head or whiplash injuries. The American Journal of Otology. 1995;16(2):216-221.
  20. Stapley PJ, Beretta MV, Toffola ED, Schieppati M. Neck muscle fatigue and postural control in patients with whiplash injury. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2006/3 2006;117(3):610-622.
  21. Takayama H, Muratsu H, Doita M, Harada T, Kurosaka M, Yoshiya S. Proprioceptive recovery of patients with cervical myelopathy after surgical decompression. Spine. 2005;30(9):1039-1044.
  22. Takayama H, Muratsu H, Doita M, Harada T, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M. Impaired joint proprioception in patients with cervical myelopathy. Spine. 2005;30(1):83-86.
  23. Treleaven J. Sensorimotor disturbances in neck disorders affecting postural stability, head and eye movement control. Man Tler. 2008;13(1):2-11.
  24. Sohn MK, Lee SS, Song HT. Effects of acute low back pain on postural control. Annals Rehab Med. Feb 2013;37(1):17-25.
  25. Svoboda Z, Janura M, Filipiova E. Assessment of postural stability in subjects with lumbar disc herniation. BrJ Sports Med. Jul 2013;47(10):e3.

Neck Pain, Back Pain, Headaches Fixed

  1. Bronfort G, Evans R, Anderson AV, Svendsen KH, Bracha Y, Grimm RH. Spinal manipulation, medication, or home exercise with advice for acute and subacute neck pain: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. Jan 3 2012;156(1 Pt 1):1-10.
  2. Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans RL, Bouter LM. Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine Journal. May-Jun 2004;4(3):335-356.
  3. Kuczynski J, Schwieterman B, Columber K, Knupp D, Shaub L, Cook CE. Effectiveness of physical therapist administered spinal manipulation for the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Sports Phys Ther. Dec 2012;7(6):647-662.
  4. Bryans R, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. June 2011;34(5):274-289.
  5. Fernåndez-Carnero J, Cleland JA, Arbizu R. Examination of motor and hypoalgesic effects of cervical vs thoracic spine manipulation in patients with lateral epicondylalgia: a clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011;34(7):432-440.

Subclinical Pain Sufferers Are Interesting for future Chiro Research

  1. Rossi S, della Volpe R, Ginanneschi F, et al. Early somatosensory processing during tonic muscle pain in humans: relation to loss of proprioception and motor ‘defensive’ strategies. Clin Neurophysiol.2003;114(7):1351-1358.
  2. Paulus I, Brumagne S. Altered interpretation of neck proprioceptive signals in persons with subclinical recurrent neck pain. J Rehabil Med. Jun 2008;40(6):426-432.

Chiropractic Even Works to Reorganize and Improve Brain in People w/out Pain! 1, 63-69, 84

  1. Haavik H, Murphy B.The role of spinal manipulation in addressing disordered sensorimotor integration and altered motor control.] Electromyogr Kines. October 2012 2012;22(5):768- 776.
  2. Haavik Taylor H, Holt K, Murphy B. Exploring the neuromodulatory effects of the vertebral subluxation and chiropractic care. Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 2010;40(1):pgs.37-44.
  3. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Cervical spine manipulation alters sensorimotor integration: A somatosensory evoked potential study. Clinical Neurophysiol. 2007;118(2):391-402.
  4. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Altered Central Integration of Dual Somatosensory Input Following Cervical Spine Manipulation. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2010;33 (3):178-188
  5. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. effects of spinal manipulation on central integration of dual somatosensory input observed following motor training: A crossover study. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Tierapeutics. 2010;33 (4):261-272.
  6. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Transient modulation of intracortical inhibition following spinal manipulation. Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 2007;37:106-116.
  7. Haavik Taylor H, Murphy B. Altered sensorimotor integration with cervical spine manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2008;31(2):115-126.
  8. Niazi I, Türker K, Flavel S, Kingett M, Duehr J, Haavik H. Increased cortical drive and altered net excitability of low-threshold motor unit levels to the lower limb following spinal manipulation. Paper presented at: World Federation of Chiropractic’s 12th Biennial Congress; April 6-9, 2013; Durban, South Africa.
  9. Haavik H, Murphy B. Subclinical neck pain and the effects of cervical manipulation on elbow joint position sense. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2011;34:88-97.

More Improvements in Asymptomatic Persons w/ SAs

  1. Fryer G, Pearce AJ. effect of lumbosacral manipulation on corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability on asymptomatic participants. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2012;35(2):86-93.
  2. Soon BT, Schmid AB, Fridriksson EJ, Gresslos E, Cheong P, Wright A. A crossover study on the effect of cervical mobilization on motor function and pressure pain threshold in pain-free individuals. J Manipulative Physiol F Iher. 2010;33(9):652-658.

Takes 1-2 Years to Learn to Get Right Speed for Chiropractic Training

  1. Triano J. Studies on the Biomechanical Effect of a Spinal Adjustment. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1992;15(1):71-75.
  2. 2) Triano JJ, Descarreaux M, Dugas C. Biomechanics – Review of approaches for performance training in spinal manipulation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. Apr 28 2012.

Pain Causes Scrambling of Brain Activity, Imbalancing Brain/Muscle Firing - Faulty Neural Firing Predispose to Worse Failure/Injury

  1. Moseley GL, Gallace A, Spence C. Bodily illusions in health and disease: physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical ‘body matrix’. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Jan 2012;36(1):34-46.
  2. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Altered trunk muscle recruitment in people with low back pain with upper limb movement at different speeds. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1999;80(9):1005-1012.
  3. Hungerford B, Gilleard W, Hodges P. Evidence of altered lumbopelvic muscle recruitment in the presence of sacroiliac joint pain. Spine. 2003;28(14):1593-1600.
  4. Jull G, Barrett C, Magee R, Ho P. Further clinical clarification of the muscle dysfunction in cervical headache. Cephalalgia. 1999;19(3):179-185.
  5. Watson DH,Trott PH. Cervical headache: an investigation of natural head posture and upper cervical flexor muscle performance. Cephalalgia. 1993;13(4):272-284.
  6. Hodges PW, Moseley GL. Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. 2003;13(4):361-370.
  7. Lee JH, Hoshino Y, Nakamura K, Kariya Y, Saita K, Ito K. Trunk muscle weakness as a risk factor for low back pain. A 5-year prospective study. Spine. 1999;24(1):54-57.
  8. Lee HM, Nicholson LLP, Adams RDP, Bae S-SP. Proprioception and Rotation Range Sensitization Associated With Subclinical Neck Pain. Spine. 2005;30(3):E60-E67.
  9. Lee H-Y, Wang Y-D, Yao G, Wang S-F. Association between cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility and frequency of subclinical neck pain. Manual Iherapy 2008;13:419-425.

Low Back Pain Includes Emotional and Psychological Components

  1. Twillman R. Mental disorders in chronic pain patients. Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy. 2007;21 (4):13-19.
  2. Adams MA, Mannion AF, Dolan P. Personal risk factors for first-time low back pain. Spine. 1999;24(23):2497-2505.

Increased Strength (!137 Vila-Cha shows increased strength as seen in 3 weeks of strength training)

  1. Vila-Chä C, Falla D, Correia MV, Farina D. Changes in H reflex and V wave following short-term endurance and strength training. Journal of Applied Physiology. January 1, 2012. 2012;112(1);54-63.Holt K.
  2. Effectiveness of Chiropractic Care in Improving Sensorimotor Function Associated with Falls Risk in Older People. Auckland, New Zealand: Department of Population Health, University of Auckland; 2013.
  3. Sysoeva OV, Wittmann M, Mierau A, Polikanova I, Struder HK, Tonevitsky A. Physical exercise speeds up motor timing. Front Psychol. 2013;4:612.
  4. Schlaffke L, Lissek S, Lenz M, et al. Sports and brain morphology – A voxel-based morphometry study with endurance athletes and martial artists. Neuroscience. Dec 1 2013;259C:35-42.

 

Negative Effects of Heavier Trauma Sports

1) Laudner KG. Upper extremity sensorimotor control among collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res. Mar 2012;26(3):672-676.

Brain’s Remarkably Extensive Control of All Body Muscles

  1. Benwell NM, Mastaglia FL, Differential changes in long-interval intracortical inhibition and silent period duration during fatiguing hand exercise. Exp Brain Res. 2007 May;179(2):255-62.
  2. Aimonetti JM, Nielsen JB. Cortical excitability and motor task in man: an investigation of the wrist extensor motor area. Exp Brain Res. 2002;143(4):431-439.
  3. Reynolds C, Ashby P. Inhibition in the human motor cortex is reduced just before a voluntary contraction. Neurology. Sep 11 1999;53(4):730-735.

Brain’s Remarkable Integration of All Senses - and Integrated into Cerebellum and into spinal motion/body motion factors

  1. Begum T, Mima T, Oga T, et al. Cortical mechanisms of unilateral voluntary motor inhibition in humans. Neuroscience Research. 2005/12 2005;53(4):428-435.
  2. Floeter MK, Rothwell J. Releasing the brakes before pressing the gas pedal. Neurology. 1999;53(4):664-665.
  3. Shimojo S, Shams L. Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and interactions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. Aug 2001;11(4):505-509.
  4. Bolognini N, Rossetti A, Casati C, Mancini F, Vallar G. Neuromodulation of multisensory perception: a tDCS study of the sound-induced flash illusion. Neuropsychologia. Jan 2011;49(2):231-237.
  5. Lovelace CT, Stein BE, Wallace MT. An irrelevant light enhances auditory detection in humans: a psychophysical analysis of multisensory integration in stimulus detection. Cognitive Brain Research. 7/15/ 2003;17(2):447-453.
  6. Stevenson RA, Zemtsov RK, Wallace MT. Individual differences in the multisensory temporal binding window predict susceptibility to audiovisual illusions. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. Dec 2012;38(6):1517-1529.
  7. Diederich A, Colonius H. Bimodal and trimodal multisensory enhancement: effects of stimulus onset and intensity on reaction time. Percept Psychophys. Nov 2004;66(8):13881404.
  8. Mahoney JR, Li PC, Oh-Park M, Verghese J, Holtzer R. Multisensory integration across the senses in young and old adults. Brain Res. Dec 2 2011;1426:43-53.
  9. Parise Cesare V, Spence C, Ernst MO. When Correlation Implies Causation in Multisensory Integration. Current Biology. 1/10/ 2012;22(1):46-49.
  10. Ernst MO, Bulthoff HH. Merging the senses into a robust percept. Trends Cogn Sci. Apr 2003;8(4):162-169.
  11. Kaji R, Shibasaki H, Kimura J. Writer’s cramp: a disorder of motor subroutine? Ann Neurol. 1995;38(6):837-838.
  12. Hikosaka O, Nakamura K, Sakai K, Nakahara H. Central mechanisms of motor skill learning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2002;12(2):217-222.
  13. Doyon J, Penhune V, Ungerleider LG. Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(3):252-262.
  14. Kaji R, Urushihara R, Murase N, Shimazu H, Goto S. Abnormal sensory gating in basal ganglia disorders. Journal of Neurology. 2005;V252(0):iv13-iv16.
  15. Del Olmo MF, Cheeran B, Koch G, Rothwell JC. Role of the Cerebellum in Externally Paced Rhythmic Finger Movements. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98:145-152.
  16. Apps R, Garwicz M. Anatomical and Physiological Foundations of Cerebellar Information Processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2005;6:297-311.
  17. Manzoni D. The cerebellum and sensorimotor coupling: Looking at the problem from the perspective of vestibular reflexes. The Cerebellum. 2007;6(1):24-37.

The Stressed Brain confusing information Contributes to Many Neuro Conditions Including Brittleness and Falls in Elderly that greatly Relate to Aging

  1. Topp KS, Byl NN. Movement dysfunction following repetitive hand opening and closing: anatomical analysis in Owl monkeys. Movement Disorders. Mar 1999;14(2):295-306.
  2. Rosenkranz K, Altenmuller E, Siggelkow S, Dengler R. Alteration of sensorimotor integration in musician’s cramp: impaired focusing of proprioception. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000;111(11):2040-2045.
  3. Evinger C. Animal models of focal dystonia. NeuroRx. July 2005;2(3):513-524.
  4. Butz M, Timmermann L, Gross J, et al. Oscillatory coupling in writing and writer’s cramp. Journal of Physiology-Paris. 2006;99(1):14-20.
  5. Tamburin S, Zanette G. Abnormalities of sensory processing and sensorimotor interactions in secondary dystonia: A neurophysiological study in two patients. Movement Disorders. 2005;20(3):354-360.
  6. Kessler KR, Ruge D, Ilic TV, Ziemann U. Short latency afferent inhibition and facilitation in patients with writer’s cramp. Movement Disorders. 2005;20(2):238-242.
  7. Tinazzi M, Rosso T, Fiaschi A. Role of the somatosensory system in primary dystonia. Movement Disorders. 2003;18(6):605-622.
  8. Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A. Sensorimotor integration in movement disorders. Movement Disorders. 2003;18(3):231-240.
  9. Almeida Q], Frank JS, Roy EA, et al. An evaluation of sensorimotor integration during locomotion toward a target in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience. 2005;134(1):283-293.
  10. Mascia MM, Valls-S01é J, Marti MJ, Salazar G. Sensorimotor integration in patients with parkinsonian type multisystem atrophy. Journal of Neurology. 2005;V252(4):473-481.
  11. Devos D, Labyt E, Cassim F, et al. Subthalamic stimulation influences postmovement cortical somatosensory processing in Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;18(7):1884-1888.
  12. Daligadu J, Yielder P, Haavik H, Baarbe J, Murphy B. Alterations in Cortical and Cerebellar Motor Processing in Neck Pain Patients Following Chiropractic Manipulation. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2003, Oct;36(8):527-37.
  13. American Geriatrics Society. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. May 2001;49(5):664-672.
  14. Taylor D, Stretton C. The Otago exercise programme: An evidence-based approach to falls prevention for older adults living in the community.NZFP.2004;31(6):391-394.
  15. Kannus P, Khan KM, Lord SR. Preventing falls among elderly people in the hospital environment. Med J Aust. 2006;184(8):372-373.
  16. Stephenson S, Langley J, Trotter M. Impact of injury in New Zealand. 2nd ed. Dunedin: Injury Prevention Research Unit; 2005.
  17. Gill T, Taylor AW, Pengelly A. A population-based survey of factors relating to the prevalence of falls in older people. Gerontology. 2005;51(5):340-345.
  18. Dyson R. Preventing injury from falls: national strategy 2005-2015: Accident Compensation Corporation; 2005.
  19. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N EnglJ Med. 1988;319:1701-1707.

Chiropractic Significantly Helps Falls in Elderly

  1. Dougherty PE, Hawk C, Weiner DK, Gleberzon B, Andrew K, Killinger L. role of chiropractic care in older adults. Chiropr Man Therap. 2012;20(1):3.
  2. Hawk C, Pfefer MT, Strunk R, Ramcharan M, Uhl N. Feasibility study of short-term effects of chiropractic manipulation on older adults with impaired balance. J Chiropr Med. Dec 2007; 6(4):121-131.

Hundreds of thousands die every year from normal med/drug care:

James JT. A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care. J Patient Safety. Sep 2013;9(3):122-128.

Hanging Stroke Around the Neck of Chiropractic Falsely and Other Attacks, No. 2 Falsely Said Chiropractor Fx Baby’s Neck – Irresponsible Attacks completely out of proportion with research and results:

  1. Ernst E. Deaths after chiropractic: a review of published cases. Int J Clin Pract. July 2010;64(8):1162-1165.
  2. Medew J, Corderoy A. Call for age limit after chiropractor breaks baby’s neck. Sydney Morning Herald. September 29, 2013.

Chiropractic and Stroke Unrelated:

[Canadian Study Comprehensively Shows People Approaching Stroke Have Symptoms for which they see Doctor, sometimes chiro, and have stroke anyway. Canada good bc ALL symptoms and doctor visits coded, tracked. Stroke happens bc of defect in artery that cannot currently be detected and traumatized by even mild activities like walking, looking up, looking over shoulder, sex, gardening, coughing, sneezing, Yoga.]

  1. Cassidy JD, Boyle E, Cote P, et al. Risk of vertebrobasilar stroke and chiropractic care: results of a population-based case-control and case-crossover study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Feb 15 2008; 33(4 Suppl):S176-183.
  2. Haldeman S, Kohlbeck FJ, McGregor M. Risk Factors and Precipitating Neck Movements Causing Vertebrobasilar Artery Dissection After Cervical Trauma and Spinal Manipulation. Spine.1999;24(8):785-794.
  3. Fuhr AW, Colloca CJ, Green JR, Keller TS. Activator Methods Chiropractic Technique. 1st ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1997. (Many techniques non force)

Chiropractic Extraordinarily Effective and Safe for Kids: . . . Second study shows so safe NO ADVERSE EVENTS in kids since 1991:

  1. Miller JE, Newell D, Bolton JE. Efficacy of chiropractic manual therapy on infant colic: a pragmatic single-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Oct 2012;35(8):600-607.
  2. Doyle MF. Is chiropractic paediatric care safe? A best evidence topic. Clinical Chiropractic. 9//2011;14(3):97-105.

Posture Obviously/Profoundly Related to Brain, Health, Stress Response

  1. Wirth B, Amstalden M, Perk M, Boutellier U, Humphreys BK. Respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic neck pain – influence of thoracic spine and chest mobility. Man Ther. Oct 2014; 19(5):440-444.
  2. Bradley H, Esformes J. Breathing pattern disorders and functional movement. Int J Sports Phys Ther. Feb 2014;9(1):28-39.
  3. Nair S, Sagar M, Sollers J, 3rd, Consedine N, Broadbent E. Do slumped and upright postures affect stress responses? A randomized trial. Health Psychol.Jun 2015;34(6):632-641.

Kids With Pain = Adults With Pain

  1. Aartun E, Hartvigsen J, Wedderkopp N, Hestbaek L. Spinal pain in adolescents: prevalence, incidence, and course: a school-based two-year prospective cohort study in 1,300 Danes aged 11-13. BMC Musculoskeletet Disord. 2014; 15:187.
  2. Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik KO, Manniche C. The course of low back painfrom adolescence to adulthood: eight-year follow-up of9600 twins. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Feb 15 2006;31(4):468-472.

 

Reliability Studies on X-ray and Postural Spinal Analysis:
CBP

Reliability of Postural Correction Studies
CBP

Prevalence/Incidence of Subluxation

  1. Secondary Analysis of a Dataset to Estimate the Prevalence of Vertebral Subluxation and Its Implications for Health Promotion and Prevention, Annals of Vertebral Subluxation Research, Kwon C, February 15, 2024, Volume 2024, Pg 15-26, Prevalence/incidence of subluxation study